OXYGENATION
INTRODUCTION
Oxygen
is very necessary to sustain life. The cardiac and respiratory systems function
collectively to meet body’s requirements of oxygen. Blood is oxygenated through
the mechanism of ventilation, perfusion and transport of respiratory gases.
DEFINITON
Oxygen
is the process that includes both the inspiratory and expiratory activities hence there occurs the exchange /
transport of respiratory gases
DEFINITION
OF RELATED TERMS
Inspiration: inspiration is an activity
process through which oxygen is inspired and causes expansion of lung
Expiration: expiration is a passive
process through through which carbon dioxide is expelled out from the lung
ALTERATION
IN EXYGENATION:
The alteration
in cardiac functioning as well as respiratory functioning leads to alterations
in oxygenation
ALTERATIONS
IN CARDIAC FUNCTIONING:
Alterations
in cardiac conduction system, cardiac output, calcification of the conduction
pathways, thicker and stiffer heart valves (due to lipid accumulation and fibrosis)
affects the oxygenation process
DISTURBANCE IN CONDUCTION:
The rhythm disturbance of the
conduction are known as dysrythmia, meaning deviation from the normal sinus
rate rhythm. Common basic cardiac dysarythmias
1)SINUS TACHYCARDIA
Regular
rhythm, rate 100 to 180 beats/minute, normal P wave, normal QRS complex.
2)SINUS BRADYCARDIA:
Regular
rhythm, rate less than 60 beats/minute, normal P wave, normal PR interval,
normalQRS complex
3) SINUS DYSRHYTHMIA:
Sinus
rhythm with cyclic variation, slow during inspiration and increases with
expiration; rate of 60 to 100 beats/minute; normal P wave, normal PR interval,
normal QRS complex.
4) ATRIAL FIBRILLATION:
No
identifiable P wave, irregular cardiac rate and rhythm
5) PREMATURE VENTRICULAR CONTRACTIONS:
Irregular
rhythm with ectopic beats, rate normal or increased, P wave absent in ectopic
beat; PR interval absent, QRS complex widened and distorted; T wave in
opposition to R wave
6)VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA:
Rhythm
slightly irregular, rate 100 to 200 beats/minute, P wave absent, Pr interval
absent, QRS complex wide and bizarre, >0.12 seconds
7) VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION:
Uncoordinated
electrical activity. No identifiable P,Q,R,S, or T wave
ALTERED
CARDIAC OUTPUT
When
the bold valume gets decreased, the systematic and pulmonary circulation can
result in heart failure. It may be right or left heart failure.
IMPAIRED
VALVULAR FUNCTIONS:
It may be
congenital or acquired disease disease condition. When the lumen of the valves
gets decreased, that condition is known as stenosis. When there is widening of
valves that leads to regurgitation. It may be of any valve i.e. mitral or
biscuspid, pulmonary, aortic valve etc.
ANGINA
PECTORIS:
It is transient
imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. The condition results in
chest pain that is aching, sharp, tingling or burning or that feels like
pressure
MYOCARDIAC
INFARCTION
It result from sudden decrease in coronary
blood flow or an increase in myocardial oxygen demand without adequate coronary
perfusion. Infarction occurs because of ischemia and necrosis of myocardial
tissues